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Pediatric resuscitation medicine has witnessed significant advances with an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Multiple mechanisms of neurological injury have been identified, outlining potential avenues for neuroprotection following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation science exists at multiple levels of analysis, from the biomechanics of chest compressions to the implementation of best training procedures
...'Intrinsic Clocks' presents an array of current research activities on intrinsic clocks and their contributions to biology and physiology. It elucidates the current models for the intrinsic clocks, their molecular components and key mechanisms as well as the key brain regions and animal models for their behavioral analysis.
It provides a timely view on how these clocks guide behavior, and how their disruption may cause depressive-like behavior
...The neurorehabilitation field is increasingly focused on understanding how to efficiently revert the effects that acute (i.e., stroke or traumatic brain injury) or chronic (i.e., neurodegenerative diseases) insults play either on small or large-scale networks, encompassing motor, sensory, and cognitive domains. The link between the disrupted neuronal pulse generators and their effectors is being reshaped through a wide scenario that embraces bio
...The purpose of this Research Topic is to provide a forum that allows investigative teams to discuss the changing local treatment options and their associated controversies in both locally advanced and early-stage lung cancer.
This special edition of Frontiers in Oncology reviews the current efficacy and limitations of surgical and radiotherapeutic management of lung cancer and provides insight into how local management options may change
...Human CD8+ T cells expressing NK receptors and receptors found on innate immune cells, and designated as NK-like or innate CD8+ T cells, have been long considered as terminally differentiated lymphocytes responsible for tissue inflammation and destruction. However, a growing body of knowledge is unveiling that NK-like CD8+ T cells have many, sometimes contrasting, functions. The limited knowledge of the biology of this type of CD8+ T cells and
...The present Research Topic is based on the following facts:
- Cancer is one of the diseases with higher prevalence and morbi-mortality nowadays.
- Cancer chemotherapy is still greatly feared by the patients (and clinicians) because of the known adverse effects that may occur: nausea, emesis, alterations in blood-cell counting (anemia, altered immune system, and altered clotting), peripheral neuropathy, heart malfunctioning, kidney
...The auditory perception of sounds (environmental, vocal, or music) is one of the 5 principal senses consciously monitored by our brains and is crucial for many human endeavors as well as quality of life. Loss of optimal performance in this principal sensory system leads to loss of effective communication and intimacy, as well as increased risk of isolation, depression, cognitive decline, and greater vulnerability to predators. The vestibular system
...The nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. On the other hand, unbalanced immune responses in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions may have a deleterious impact on neuronal integrity and brain function. Recent studies have characterized neural pathways communicating peripheral inflammatory signals to the CNS, and brain- and spinal cord-derived circuitries controlling various innate and adaptive immune
...Until about a decade ago, the non-coding part of the genome was considered without function. RNA sequencing studies have shown, however, that a considerable part of the non-coding genome is transcribed and that these non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) can regulate gene expression. Almost on a weekly basis, new findings reveal the regulatory role of nc-RNAs exert in many biological processes. Overall, these studies are making increasingly clear that, both
...Vasopressin and its homologues are evolutionarily ancient neuropeptides that are important to the neural modulation of behavior in many species. Over the last several decades there has been an emergence of cross-species consensus with regards to the broad behavioral domains that the vasopressin system influences. However, there are nuanced species- and sex-differences in the functions of this system, as well as evidence for cross-talk between this
...Recognition and killing of aberrant, infected, or tumor targets by Natural Killer (NK) cells are mediated by positive signals transduced by activating receptors upon engagement of ligands on the target surface. These stimulatory pathways are counterbalanced by inhibitory receptors that raise the NK cell activation threshold through negative antagonist signals. While regulatory effects are necessary for physiologic control of autoimmune aggression,
...Surgical infections are caused by the breakdown of the equilibrium existing between organisms and the host. This may occur after a breach in a protective surface, as occurs after surgical trauma, changes in host resistance, or particular characteristics of the organism. The possible outcomes are abscess formation, local spread with/without tissue death, distant spread or resolution.
A surgical infection is an infection requiring operative
...This open-access book presents the roles and mechanisms of signal transduction triggered by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) stimulation in neuroprotection against toxic effects of risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that nAChRs in the CNS play important roles not only in excitatory neurotransmission but also in neuronal survival and related functions.
Neuroprotection mediated by nAChRs in
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